中央农村工作会议系列解读⑭树立大食物观 构建多元化食物供给体系******
作者:赵思诚、王国刚,中国农业科学院农业经济与发展研究所
“洪范八政,食为政首”,顺应居民食品消费结构调整趋势,保障食品供给数量充足、质量过硬、结构适配,是我国农业生产的重点任务之一。而树立“大农业”“大食物”观念,是新时期保障我国食品市场供需平衡和居民营养健康的重要抓手。2022年中央农村工作会议强调,要树立大食物观,构建多元化食物供给体系,多途径开发食物来源。未来一段时间内,在“吃得饱”“吃得好”之外进一步倡导“吃得健康”,深挖潜力构建更为全面的食品供给体系,是树立大食物观的题中之义。
随着经济发展以及居民收入提高,我国居民的食品消费结构发生显著调整,口粮消费不断下降,水果、蔬菜与畜产品消费持续增长。2021年我国人均口粮消费131.4公斤,相较于2013年下降11.3%;人均禽肉消费量26.5公斤,增长55.1%;人均蛋类消费量13.2公斤,增长61%;人均奶类消费14.4公斤,增长23.1%;人均水产品消费14.2公斤,增长38.5%;居民食品消费多元化趋势十分明显,畜禽产品消费快速增长,膳食营养水平不断提升。居民食品需求结构变化直接反映于食品进口端,2021年,我国食品进口额再创历史新高,全年进口额高达1354.6亿美元,同比增长25.4%。进口额排在前五位的食品品类分别是肉类、粮食、水产品、乳制品和水果,五项进口额均超过百亿美元。
粮食安全概念应当与居民食品消费结构调整相适应,目前我国粮食安全仍然存在“米袋子”提得多、“菜篮子”提得少,“供给端”提得多、“需求端”提得少的“两多两少”问题。未来一段时间内,粮食安全概念应当向食物安全逐步转变,除了稻谷、小麦、玉米、大豆等粮食作物之外,也需要将肉、蛋、奶、菜、果等品类纳入考虑范围,在更广泛的基础上讨论数量安全和自给能力问题,力争实现主要食品供需动态平衡。
食品消费结构调整直接影响居民营养健康情况。总体而言,我国居民营养供给快速增长,蛋白质、脂肪与能量供给充足,动物蛋白供给明显增加,居民人均每日能量供给量达到3400千卡,能够满足居民营养需求。但“吃得好”并不等同于“吃得健康”,居民营养水平提升也引发了一系列问题。
首先是膳食结构不平衡,居民营养供给存在短板。当前我国居民精加工谷物食用多而全谷物与杂粮食用少,红肉食用多而白肉食用少,蛋类食用多而奶类食用少,油、盐、糖消费过多而各类维生素与钙、铁等微量元素摄入不足,居民营养过剩与营养缺乏问题同时存在,大量居民处于“隐性饥饿”状态。
其次是膳食结构不平衡导致肥胖与慢性病患病率增长。根据《中国居民膳食指南科学研究报告(2021)》的统计结果,我国18岁及以上居民超重或肥胖比例已经超过50%,6~17岁儿童青少年超重肥胖率已经达到19.0%,而超重肥胖是引发心血管疾病、糖尿病、高血压等慢性疾病的主要诱因之一。当前我国成人高血压患病率为27.5%,糖尿病患病率为11.9%,膳食结构变化对居民营养健康的影响不容忽视。
最后是城乡居民营养供给仍有差距,老龄人口的营养健康状况需要引起关注。农村居民肉类消费以红肉为主,维生素、钙等营养素供给水平相较于城镇更低。农村居民营养不良、贫血的发生率也高于城市地区,而农村居民对高血压问题的知晓率、控制率和治疗率均显著低于城市居民。当前我国老龄化程度不断加深,部分老龄人存在能量和蛋白质摄入不足,80岁以上高龄老年人贫血率达到10%,新冠疫情背景下,老年人营养不良问题仍需高度警惕。
需求端,首先,树立科学的膳食营养观,倡导均衡饮食结构。宣传低油、盐饮食与粗粮的营养健康作用,降低居民精粮消费倾向,控制钠盐与脂肪摄入。推广普及禽肉、水产等白肉的健康功效与营养价值,倡导居民使用白肉消费替代猪肉消费,促进肉类消费多元化,从饮食层面降低各类慢性疾病发病率,提升居民营养健康水平。其次,开展节粮动员,树立节粮减损意识,遏制饮食铺张攀比。厉行节约,倡导科学点餐,狠抓食堂浪费,持续关注外卖行业中的点餐过量和畜禽养殖过程中的饲料粮浪费问题,多渠道“堵漏”,通过“食”端的调整,实现“农”端的节粮减损目标,降低食品供给体系的压力。
供给端,首先,多渠道构建食品供给体系。以粮食为基础,在充分考虑自然环境承载力的基础上,通过设施农业、生物技术等手段,按照宜粮则粮、宜经则经、宜牧则牧、宜渔则渔、宜林则林的原则,向山水林田湖草沙要食物,充分利用广袤的国土资源,有效缓解我国人均耕地不足的窘境。其次,重点关注蛋白饲料粮的供给问题。发展低蛋白日粮技术,着重研发大豆蛋白替代产品,推动小品种氨基酸生产核心技术突破,加大对新型限制性氨基酸生产技术的支持,满足低蛋白日粮配制需求,适度降低饲料中豆粕等蛋白原料用量,逐步降低养殖行业对进口大豆蛋白的依赖。推广大豆玉米带状复植技术,努力实现“玉米不减产、多收一季豆”的政策目标。做好玉米大豆的协同发展的研判工作,尽可能提升我国的大豆自给能力。
中新网评:处理核污水绝不是日本自家私事******
中新网北京1月19日电(蒋鲤)日本政府近日称,将于2023年春夏期间开始向海洋排放经过处理的福岛第一核电站核污水。日本罔顾国内民众及周边国家的屡屡反对,企图将核污水“一倒了之”,把一件关乎全球海洋生态环境和公众健康的事当成了自家私事。
资料图:日本福岛第一核电站。2011年,福岛核电站事故发生后,大量放射性物质泄漏到大气层和太平洋,对周围环境造成了难以逆转的伤害,数十万人被迫撤离该地区。时至今日,作为日本邻国之一的韩国仍未解除福岛海鲜禁令。
日本以核污水存储能力即将达到上限为由,在2021年4月13日,正式决定将福岛第一核电站核污水排入太平洋。过去一年多,日本政府和东京电力公司一直在持续推进核污水排海计划。
日本政府辩称,这些核污水经多核素处理系统(ALPS)处理后很安全,甚至“可以喝”,这样的表态无疑在愚弄大众。
事实上,经过处理的核污水仍含有多种放射性物质,核污水一旦排放入海就无法回收,长期来看,将会给海洋生态带来难以估量的潜在威胁,最终危害人类健康。
因此,核污水排海计划推出后,遭到日本民众强烈反对。日本《朝日新闻》2022年3月公布的问卷调查显示,福岛县、宫城县和岩手县受访的42个市町村长中,约六成反对东京电力公司福岛第一核电站核污水排放入海。日本全国渔业协会联合会也多次申明立场,反对该计划。
日本政府认为,核污水排海是最便宜、最省事的解决方案,但此举却将周边国家乃至全世界置于核污染风险中。太平洋非日本一家之海,核污水会随着洋流流动,其影响势必会跨越国界,危害周边国家乃至整个国际社会的公共福祉和利益。
《韩国经济新闻》发文称,相关研究认为,福岛核污水如果排放入海,约7个月后将到达济州等韩国海域,该国水产业和旅游业将遭受相当大的损失。
德国南极海洋机构也曾发出警告,若日本将所有核污水排入海中,不到半年,整个太平洋都将面临高度辐射威胁,包括远在大洋另一端的美国。太平洋地区人民更是对日本该计划持反对意见。
日本作为《联合国海洋法公约》缔约国,有义务保护海洋环境。然而,在核污水排海方案的正当性、核污水数据的可靠性、净化装置的有效性、环境影响的不确定性等问题上,日本未能作出科学、可信的说明。
国际原子能机构技术工作组虽已三次赴日实地考察评估,但尚未就日排海方案的安全性给出结论,并且对日本提出诸多澄清要求和整改意见。在此情况下,日本仍执意推进核污水排海工程建设,这是极不负责任的行为。
太平洋不是日本的下水道,日本必须正视各方合理关切,在与周边国家等相关利益方和国际原子能机构充分协商后,制定合理的核污水处理方案。日本也要着眼长远,若只顾眼前,执意将核污水排放入海,不仅其自身,周边国家乃至全世界都将为之买单,其后果必将会危害数代人。
Fukushima water disposal by no means Japan’s own business
By John Lee
(ECNS) -- Japan has announced it will release treated wastewater from the wrecked Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant into the Pacific Ocean this year.
Although Fukushima wastewater disposal affects global marine ecological environment protection and public health, Japan has turned a deaf ear to domestic and international opposition to dumping the contaminated water into the sea, treating the "global" matter as its own business.
The Fukushima accident in 2011 had sent large quantities of radiation into the atmosphere and the Pacific Ocean, causing irreversible damage to the surrounding environment, and hundreds of thousands of people were forced to evacuate the area. South Korea still maintains its import ban on Japanese seafood from areas affected by the Fukushima nuclear disaster.
On April 13, 2021, Japan announced it had decided to discharge contaminated radioactive wastewater in Fukushima Prefecture into the sea due to dwindling storage space, with the Japanese government and plant operator Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings Inc. promoting the release plan over the past year.
The Japanese government argues that the water treated by an advanced liquid processing system, or ALPS, is safe and drinkable, which is undoubtedly fooling the public.
In fact, the treated wastewater still includes a variety of radioactive substances and can’t be recycled once discharged into the sea, which will pose a great threat to marine ecology and ultimately endanger human health in the long run.
Therefore, the discharge plan has been strongly opposed in Japan. According to a questionnaire conducted by The Asahi Shimbun, nearly 60 percent of mayors of 42 municipalities in Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures oppose the discharge plan. The National Fisheries Cooperative Federation of Japan has also repeatedly stated its opposition in public.
The Japanese government believes that dumping Fukushima wastewater into the sea is the cheapest and most convenient solution, but neighboring countries and even the whole world will be at risk of nuclear pollution.
The Pacific Ocean doesn’t belong to Japan and the wastewater flow along oceanic currents will surely break boundaries and endanger public welfare and the interests of neighboring countries and even the international community.
The Korea Economic Daily reported that related research concluded that if contaminated water from Fukushima is released into the ocean, it would only take seven months for the contaminated water to reach the shores of Jeju Island, with the country's aquaculture and tourism suffering considerable losses.
According to the calculation of a German marine scientific research institute, radioactive materials will spread to most of the Pacific Ocean within half a year from the date of discharge, and the U.S. and Canada will be affected by nuclear pollution. People in the Pacific region also oppose the discharge plan.
As a participant of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Japan has the obligation of protecting the marine environment.
However, it hasn’t offered a full and convincing explanation on issues like the legitimacy of the discharge plan, the reliability of data on the nuclear-contaminated water, the efficacy of the treatment system or the uncertainty of environmental impact.
Though the IAEA has yet to complete a comprehensive review after three investigations in Japan, the Japanese side has been pushing through the approval process for its discharge plan and even started building facilities for the discharge. It is rather irresponsible for Japan to act against public opinion at home and concerns abroad.
The Pacific Ocean is not a private Japanese sewer. The country must seriously heed the voices of the international community and make a reasonable plan for the Fukushima wastewater disposal after full consultation with stakeholders and international agencies.
If it only seeks instant interest and insists on discharging the contaminated water into the sea, not only itself, but also its neighboring countries and the entire world will pay for the decision and several generations will be forced to bear the consequence.
(文图:赵筱尘 巫邓炎) [责编:天天中] 阅读剩余全文() |